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Stemming from French Canadian nationalism, Quebec nationalism experienced an upsurge during the 1960s. Differing from the former in its secularism and its fervent embrace of modernity, it was based on an approach in which the state was identified with the “nation.” Nationalist fervour expressed itself in other ways during the Quebec election of November 1962 with the Liberal party’s slogan Maîtres chez nous (“Masters in our own house”) and its major issue, the nationalization of hydroelectricity. It spread in new parties such as the Rassemblement pour l’Indépendance Nationale and the Parti Québécois, which associated nationalism with the idea of Quebec independence.