Urbanization

The restructuring and modernization of Canada’s society and economy that began in the 19th century brought about a marked movement towards urbanization. It intensified in the last quarter of the century, leading to rapid urban and industrial growth countered by economic crisis and depopulation in the countryside. The problems of rapid urban development – industrial exploitation, homelessness, and violence – sparked the creation of many charitable undertakings and the expansion of government in response to such social exigencies. Over time, increasing populations of cities and towns, rising standards of living, and organized labour’s successful battles for shorter working hours created a new mass market that some could exploit.