Source: Courtesy of Bibliothèque et Archives Nationales du Québec / 

CHARTIER DE LOTBINIÈRE, RENÉ-LOUIS, esquire, seigneur, deputy attorney general, councillor, lieutenant general on the bench of the provost and admiralty courts of Quebec, subdelegate of the intendant, militia officer, and agent general of the Compagnie de la Colonie; baptized 14 Nov. 1641 in the church of Saint-Nicolas-des-Champs in Paris, son of Louis-Théandre Chartier* de Lotbinière and Élisabeth Damours; d. 3 June 1709 in Quebec City.

Born of a family that had been ennobled at the beginning of the 15th century, René-Louis Chartier was the grandson of the famous René-Pierre Chartier, doctor in ordinary to Louis XIII and professor of surgery at the Collège Royal. The Chartiers were connected by marriage with some of France’s high-ranking families; thus, through his mother, René-Louis was related to Jean de Lauson* (senior), formerly intendant of the provinces of Provence, Guyenne, and Dauphiné, director of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, and future governor of New France. The Lotbinière family probably came to Canada with Lauson, who landed at Quebec on 13 Oct. 1651.

Perhaps not quite ten years old when he arrived, René-Louis was at an age to receive vivid, lasting impressions. A gigantic river, immense mountains and forests decked out in their autumn colours, endless expanses, and the Indigenous people who came out to meet the ship in their swift bark canoes – could a little boy ever forget all these things? René-Louis was also at the age at which one adapts best to a new life. He attended the Jesuit college in Quebec City. There he met every day with dauntless missionaries, discoverers, and geographers who sailed fabulous rivers and lakes; there were also apostles who preached the gospel to distant peoples with strange customs. He probably did not miss the confined, noisy Paris of his time? When the boy was nearing the end of his classical studies, Governor Voyer d’Argenson arrived at Quebec. In a play improvised for the occasion and presented at the college on 28 July 1658, René-Louis played the role of the “spirit of the forests, the interpreter for the strangers.” Spirit of the forests! Could the erstwhile little Parisian have dreamt of a finer title?

Upon his return into the wings of the improvised stage at the Jesuit college, René-Louis Chartier disappears from sight for several years. He is mentioned once, on 29 Jan. 1662, when Governor Dubois* Davagour granted him some pieces of land on the St Charles River that had belonged to the Recollets (and that Chartier gave back to them on 23 Oct. 1670, when they returned to Canada). Then all is obscure until 1666. We encounter him briefly at Quebec in 1667 and 1668 and then meet him again in 1670. It is impossible to say how he spent all this time. If we had the eyes of Lynkeus, we should perhaps catch frequent glimpses of him as, wearing snowshoes and carrying a musket, he tirelessly scoured the woods around the settlement, which abounded in game. He was undoubtedly used to long excursions in the forest, as he was to demonstrate on two occasions in 1666.

Rémy* de Courcelle, the new governor, was preparing his ill-fated adventure into Iroquois (Haudenosaunee) territory. A few Canadian settlers joined the soldiers, who had recently arrived from France. René-Louis Chartier was one of them. Hastily prepared and carried out in winter by troops who had no experience of the country, the expedition was fraught with extraordinary difficulties because of the excessive cold and the lack of food. Like the good Canadian that he now was, René-Louis would have come out of it very well, had it not been for a slight wound that he had received in action and the fact that on the way back he was dazzled by the snow and ice and lost his sight for three days. The little army encountered nothing but disappointments and returned without achieving any of its designs of conquest. A new, more ambitious attempt was made in September 1666. This time Mohawk villages were ravaged, and on 17 October the territory was claimed by the French. In his capacity as “lieutenant of a company of Quebeck citizens” Chartier de Lotbinière signed the report, which was drawn up in Iroquois territory by the royal notary Pierre Duquet*.

After his return from the first expedition Chartier, who in 1666 and 1667 was still living in his father’s home, had composed a burlesque poem (a genre much in fashion in France), which recounted the tale of “Monsieur de Courcelles’ trip” into Iroquois territory in 510 lines (500 octosyllabics and 10 alexandrines). It is certainly the first poem written by a Canadian, or by a Frenchman educated in New France, to receive historical mention. This is, moreover, the principal merit of this curious poem: it is long, boring, and hardly poetic, to tell the truth, but not without documentary value. Among the least objectionable lines may be mentioned the following:

Après ces beaux exploits et ces travaux guerriers
Grand Courcelle admirant l’objet de vos lauriers
En sérieux je diray que les peines dherculle
Que celles dAllexandre & dAuguste et de Julle
Ont eu beaucoup desclat mais leur ont moins cousté . . .

After these noble exploits and these toils of war,
Great Courcelle, admiring the deeds which earned you your laurels
In all seriousness I shall say that the labours of Hercules,
Of Alexander, Augustus, and Caesar,
Received great renown but cost them less effort . . .

In toying with the muse in this way, René-Louis perhaps had in mind the ancestor to whom he owed his noble rank, Alain Chartier, who died about 1430. He had been in his time a prose-writer of merit, if not a great poet, as is still remembered today.

Except for his military role in 1666, at the beginning of 1670 René-Louis Chartier had not yet performed any public function. Had this young nobleman been content with an idle existence devoted entirely to hunting and rambles, or was he studying law with his father, the principal law officer in the seneschal’s and then the provost court of Quebec? The latter hypothesis is almost certainly correct, unless he had gone to study in Paris. In any event, on 13 Jan. 1670, he was installed in the office of deputy attorney general to the Conseil Souverain of Quebec. But from the death of Jean Bourdon* on 12 Jan. 1668 to the appointment of Denis-Joseph Ruette* d’Auteuil on 29 May 1674, there was no regularly appointed attorney general to the council, and it was the deputy who carried out the duties of the office. This was, consequently, a heavy responsibility that Chartier, who was only 28, could not have assumed if he had not been thoroughly versed in law and procedure. His appointment, which was an annual one, was renewed on 12 Jan. 1671, 28 March 1672, 16 Jan. 1673 (when he took the oath of loyalty to the king demanded by Governor-General Buade* de Frontenac), and 15 Jan. 1674. An additional proof of the authorities’ satisfaction may be seen in his nomination as a councillor on 29 May 1674, when his name was put forward by the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales. Chartier was 32, and the future looked bright. On 26 April 1675 Louis XIV appointed him a councillor for life. Among the councillors, whose number was raised from 5 to 7, he held the fifth place. In 1674, at the time of his installation, he had been assigned the last place, since he was the most recently appointed. He had protested and had claimed a right to be treated with greater respect, as being the only councillor to hold his appointment from the king: a matter of precedence, of which his century has given us many examples.

René-Louis’ father, however, who had been lieutenant general for civil and criminal affairs of the provost court of Quebec since 1666, was preparing to resign his post. It may be supposed that, in accord with the spirit of the age, he requested insistently that his son succeed him. The office of judge of the provost court of Quebec was, in fact, one of great prestige and much more remunerative than that of councillor, which at that time carried with it a salary of 300 livres a year. René-Louis was, in fact, appointed on 1 May 1677, replacing his father; on 25 October he was installed by councillors Louis Rouer* de Villeray and Charles Denys de Vitré. His salary was now 500 livres. For 26 years Chartier was to discharge his duties as a judge to everyone’s satisfaction; his reputation grew from year to year, as did the esteem in which he was held. Duchesneau*, Brisay de Denonville, Bochart de Champigny, Frontenac, the king himself – one after another praised his honesty and his competence, drawing attention to the services he rendered the colony. On 28 Dec. 1698 he was appointed judge of the admiralty court, although the setting up of this tribunal was delayed until 1717. Bishop Saint-Vallier [La Croix] for his part made Chartier one of the directors of the Hôpital Général of Quebec. On many occasions he was called upon to sit on the Conseil Souverain when a councillor was absent. In addition he was subdelegate to the intendant in 1677, 1687, 1689, 1690, and 1706. In that year, for example, his judicial powers were very wide, proof of the confidence in his judgement and knowledge.

Throughout his honourable career Chartier de Lotbinière continued, as a militia officer, to take part in the defence of the colony. In the autumn of 1666 he was a lieutenant in a company, and on 2 June 1673 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the militia of Quebec. On 6 July 1684 he received from Le Febvre* de La Barre a commission as officer commanding the regiment of Quebec (204 men), and in this capacity he accompanied the governor in his expedition against the Iroquois; in the absence of Denonville, who in 1687 carried the war into the pays d’en haut, it was Chartier de Lotbinière who was in command at Quebec; on 6 June 1690 he was appointed colonel of a company of militiamen and took part in the defence of the town during the siege by William Phips*. In New France the nobility of the robe knew how to take up the sword with courage when the need arose.

René-Louis Chartier’s competence and devotion were soon to be rewarded and his worth recognized. On 1 June 1703 Louis XIV appointed him chief councillor of the Conseil Supérieur. From that time on he ranked fourth in the hierarchy of the colony, being preceded only by the governor, the intendant, and the bishop. Even before his installation on 26 Nov. 1703 Chartier had had a petition addressed to the court asking that he be paid an annual gratuity of 250 livres “Which [would permit] him to do honour to his office”; the position of chief councillor, which was worth 450 livres, did not, he explained, bring in as much as did that of lieutenant general, to which were attached fees as well as a salary of 500 livres, yet it entailed greater expense. When he was chief councillor, Rouer de Villeray had received such a gratuity; the king likewise granted one to Chartier. It was important that this high officer maintain his rank fittingly.

Life was on the grand scale in the colony, particularly at Quebec, where one’s prestige was proportionate to the magnificence of one’s table, clothes, and retinue. The gentry dreamt of living like princes, the bourgeoisie gave in to the lure of luxury and lived on the scale of the nobility, and the peasants could indulge in the habits and comforts of the bourgeoisie:

Tout petit prince a des ambassadeurs.
Tout marquis veut avoir des pages.
                                   (La Fontaine)

Every princeling has ambassadors.
Every marquis wants to have pages.

In New France people lived from day to day, apparently not minding the cost. Too often, to maintain a social rank he had usurped, a person had to go every day a little more deeply into debt. The outward display ill concealed the extreme poverty of these needy colonials in their homes. The greatest fortunes were based upon neglected bonds and unpaid debts. Charles Aubert de La Chesnaye, for example, the most powerful businessman of his time, died insolvent. This was not, however, the fate of Chartier de Lotbinière.

In June 1701 the notaries Louis Chambalon and Charles Rageot took an inventory of the joint estate of Reni-Louis Chartier and Marie-Madeleine Lambert, whom he had married on 24 Jan. 1678 at Quebec. This document permits us to appraise Chartier’s fortune at that time: 2,692 livres, 4 sols, 4 deniers in personal property, implements, and farm animals; 318 livres, 9 sols, 4 deniers in cash; and debts receivable amounting to 4,924 livres, 1 sol, 8 deniers. That is to say, 7,934 livres, 15 sols, 4 deniers on the credit side, from which must be deducted liabilities totalling 1,929 livres, 6 sols, 6 deniers, which leaves 6,005 livres, 8 sols, 10 deniers. To this sum must be added the value of the house that he had under construction at that time and for which he had already paid out 6,000 livres; his seigneury of Lotbinière measuring three and a half leagues by six (acquired by grants dated 3 Nov. 1672, 1 April 1685, and 25 March 1695, and by a purchase on 22 Feb. 1686); the farm land belonging to the seigneury with its mill, its two houses, and its barns; his properties at Quebec; and some assets, including his library, which he possessed in his own right. In other words, a respectable fortune of at least some 20,000 livres.

The house in which Chartier lived, on Rue Saint-Louis, was small and had only one storey. It consisted of a kitchen with a pantry, a parlour in which there was a bed, a bedroom, the lieutenant general’s study that also served as his bedroom, a cellar, and an attic. In it lived Chartier, his second wife, Françoise Jachée, whom he had married on 16 May 1701, and the six surviving children of the ten born during his first marriage to Marie-Madeleine Lambert. The family had no servant. Except in the parlour which, when required, was turned into a dining-room, the furniture and utensils were broken, worn out, of little value. The parlour displayed a sumptuousness devoid of any extravagance: 12 wild-cherry chairs, an armchair, a settee, a panelled buffet that served as a table, a spinet (a rare instrument in New France), an old pedestal table, two mirrors (one of which measured 20 inches by 16), three pieces of tapestry-work in point de Hongrie, and a pair of iron firedogs with copper knobs. The total value was 400 livres. Listed for use at receptions and preserved carefully in Chartier’s study were 12 silver spoons and forks, a dish, and two salt-cellars, likewise in silver, all valued at 416 livres, 5 sols, on the basis of 45 livres the mark. At Versailles the king preferred to eat with his fingers; the lieutenant general of Quebec, on the days when he received, was not unaware of the refinements of the new code of etiquette.

At the time of his second marriage Chartier yielded to the temptation of trying his luck in commercial ventures. In 1701 he was one of the directors of the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, to which he had subscribed 1,000 livres. In addition, on 13 Nov. 1704 he paid out 7,711 livres in card money and entered into partnership with Jean Léger de Lagrange to operate a ship that had been taken from the English, but which was soon recaptured by them. The affairs of the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France went badly; in the period from 1700 to 1704 it lost 300,000 livres. At the king’s request the board of directors, composed of five members, was abolished, and the running of its affairs was entrusted to an agent general, assisted by a private agent. Chartier de Lotbinière and Georges Regnard Duplessis were chosen. Chartier was appointed on 11 Sept. 1705 with a salary of 1,000 livres. In 1706 Regnard received preference over Chartier, who withdrew. The chief councillor added little to his modest wealth in these operations; in 1708 Jacques Raudot stated that he did not have “a large fortune.”

At his death the man who had been a wonder-struck little boy in 1651 was chief councillor to the Conseil Supérieur, and one of his nephews, Rigaud de Vaudreuil, was governor of New France. He left behind him the memory of an upright, competent man whose services to the colony were countless. Governors and intendants had been unanimous in praising him unreservedly. Arriving in Quebec at around the age of ten, René-Louis Chartier de Lotbinière had received his schooling in Canada and had returned to France only twice, in 1674 and 1691; he had become a genuine Canadian.

André Vachon